Инфинитив: to-infinitive vs bare infinitive (экзамен-фокус)
Инфинитив — этиштин негизги формасы. Эки түрү практикалык мааниге ээ:
- to-infinitive: to + V (to go, to read).
- bare infinitive: to жок жөнөкөй форма (go, read).
1) To-infinitive — качан колдонулат?
A) Айрым этиштерден кийин (V + to V)
want, would like, plan, decide, hope, agree, refuse, promise, fail, learn, manage, pretend, forget, remember, try, offer, expect, afford, tend, seem, appear, happen, ask (to), choose, deserve…
- She decided to study.
- They hope to win.
B) Object + to-infinitive (V + sb + to V)
want/expect/ask/tell/allow/advise/encourage/force/invite/order/remind/warn
- I want you to help me.
- They told us to wait.
Пассив: be + V3 + to V → We were told to wait.
C) Adjective + to-infinitive
easy, hard, ready, likely, unlikely, eager, happy, glad, surprised, afraid, willing…
- It is easy to use.
- She is ready to start.
D) too / enough + to-infinitive
- too + adj/adv + to V: too young to drive
- adj/adv + enough + to V: old enough to vote
E) Максат (purpose)
- I came to talk to you.
- Формалдуу/этият: in order to / so as to + V
F) Question word + to-infinitive
what/which/when/where/how + to V
- Show me how to solve it.
- I don’t know what to say.
G) the first / the last / the only + to-infinitive
- She was the first to arrive.
- He is the only one to understand.
H) be + to-infinitive (шарт/план/расмий нускама)
- You are to submit by Friday.
- We were to meet at 6 (план бар эле).
I) Perfect/Continuous/Passive инфинитив
- to have + V3 (мурда бүткөн): seems to have finished
- to be + V-ing (процесс): appears to be working
- to be + V3 (пасив): is to be completed
- to have been + V3 / V-ing (айкалыштар сейрек, бирок экзамда жолугат)
J) Терс: not to + V
Split infinitive (to + adverb + V): to actively participate — формалдуу стилде этият, экзамда адатта туура деп кабыл алынат.
2) Bare infinitive — качан колдонулат?
A) Modal этиштерден кийин
can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would, shall
- You must finish. (✗ to finish)
B) Perception verbs (көрүп/угуп сезүү): see / hear / feel / watch / notice / observe
object + bare infinitive (жол-жобо бүт аракети):
- I saw him leave.
object + V-ing (процесс/узактык):
- I saw him leaving.
C) make / let / have (каузатив)
- They made me wait.
- She let us go.
- I had the mechanic check the brakes.
help: эки вариант тең мүмкүн — help do / help to do (экзамда экөө тең кабыл алынат).
D) had better / would rather / rather than
- You had better leave now.
- I would rather stay.
- …rather than wait.
E) Why not + V? / Why + V? (сунуш)
3) To-infinitive vs Gerund (V-ing) — кыска айырма
| Үлгү | Инфинитив (to V) | Герундий (V-ing) |
|---|---|---|
| Жалпы мааниси | Максат/ниет, бир жолку иш | Жалпылык/тажрыйба/иш аракет өзү |
| Мисал | I want to learn. | I enjoy learning. |
| remember/forget | to do = «кыла өткөр» (келечек милдет) | doing = «кылып койгонуңду эстөө» |
| stop | to do = башка иш үчүн токтоо | doing = аракетти токтотуу |
| try | to do = аракет кылуу | doing = эксперимент кылып көрүү |
4) Типтүү каталар → туурасы
- ✗ He made me to wait → ✔ He made me wait
- ✗ I can to help → ✔ I can help
- ✗ It’s important not go → ✔ It’s important not to go
- ✗ I look forward to meet → ✔ I look forward to meeting (бул жерде to — предлог)
5) Ыкчам шаблондор (эске сакта)
- V + to V: want/decide/plan/hope/agree/refuse/promise/learn…
- V + sb + to V: want/ask/tell/allow/expect/advise/encourage…
- Adj + to V: ready/easy/hard/likely/unlikely/willing…
- too/enough + to V; (in order) to V (purpose)
- Modal + V (bare)
- see/hear/watch/feel + object + V / V-ing
- make/let/have + object + V; help + V / to V
- had better / would rather + V; rather than + V
6) Мисалдар (экзамен стили)
- They plan to expand next year.
- We were told to wait outside.
- This tool is easy to use.
- He is too tired to continue. / strong enough to lift it
- I saw her cross the street. / I saw her crossing the street.
- She made me redo the task.
- You should practice more.
- Tell me what to do.
- He decided not to apply.
- The files are to be submitted by 18:00.
