Пассивный залог (Passive Voice): be + V3 во временах
1) Идея за 10 секунд
- Пассив (Passive) — когда объект действия становится подлежащим:
Active: The chef cooks the soup. → Passive: The soup is cooked (by the chef).
- Формула: be + V3 (Past Participle). Время/лицо/число показывает глагол be.
2) Общее образование
- Кого/что действие затрагивает → ставим в подлежащее.
- Спрягаем be по нужному времени → прибавляем V3.
- При желании указываем исполнителя через by + agent: by the chef. Часто опускается, если неважен/очевиден.
V3: done, made, taken, written, seen;* для правильных — worked/cleaned и т.д.
3) Таблица форм (основные времена)
| Время | Актив | Пассив (формула) | Пример |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | do/does | am/is/are + V3 | The report is checked every day. |
| Past Simple | did | was/were + V3 | The report was checked yesterday. |
| Future Simple | will do | will be + V3 | The report will be checked tomorrow. |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are doing | am/is/are being + V3 | The room is being cleaned now. |
| Past Continuous | was/were doing | was/were being + V3 | The room was being cleaned at 5. |
| Present Perfect | have/has done | have/has been + V3 | The emails have been sent. |
| Past Perfect | had done | had been + V3 | The emails had been sent by 6. |
| Future Perfect | will have done | will have been + V3 | The bridge will have been built by 2030. |
Модальные (can/must/should…): modal + be + V3
It must be done today. / The files can be shared online.
4) Как преобразовать Active → Passive
- Объект активного → подлежащее пассивного.
- Ставим be в нужном времени.
- Добавляем V3 смыслового глагола.
- При необходимости — by + … (исполнитель).
Active: They are building a new school.
Passive: A new school is being built (by them).
5) Когда Пассив уместен
- Исполнитель неизвестен/неважен/очевиден: My bike was stolen.
- Официальный стиль, отчёты, инструкции: The data are collected annually.
- Акцент на результате/объекте, а не на действующем лице.
6) Частые нюансы и расширения
- by-phrase: используем, когда важно кто: The novel was written by Orwell.
- Stative Passive (be + V3 как состояние): The door is closed (состояние) vs is being closed (процесс).
- Get-passive (разговорно, часто «неприятное» событие/вовлечённость): He got fired.
- Двухобъектные глаголы (give, send, show): два возможных пассива:
They gave me a prize. → I was given a prize. / A prize was given to me.
- Инфинитив/Complex Object: I want it to be done.
- Безличные конструкции: It is said (that)… / He is said to… → He is said to be talented.
7) Ограничения/что не пассивируется
- Непереходные глаголы (без объекта): happen, arrive, exist — пассива нет.
- Разговорная избыточность: если важен исполнитель, актив часто короче/яснее.
8) Ошибки-ловушки
- Забывают “been/being” в перфекте/континуусе:
❌ The task has completed → ✔ has been completed.
❌ is cleaned now (процесс) → ✔ is being cleaned.
- Согласование be:
Data are analyzed (в научном стиле data — мн. ч.).
- by vs with:
cut with a knife (орудие), written by the author (агент).
- Смешение состояния и действия:
The door is closed (состояние) ≠ is being closed (процесс).
9) Мини-набор шаблонов
- Процесс сейчас: X is being repaired.
- Факт/регулярность: X is/are produced in China.
- Вчера: X was/were delivered yesterday.
- К сроку: X will have been completed by Friday.
- Модальный: X must be submitted online.
10) Быстрые пары для тренировки
- They publish the journal quarterly. → The journal is published quarterly.
- Someone was interviewing her at 3. → She was being interviewed at 3.
- They have finished the road. → The road has been finished.
- People will build new houses here. → New houses will be built here.
- They can solve the issue today. → The issue can be solved today.
11) Чек-лист
- Есть объект? Нужен фокус на объекте/результате? → Passive.
- Выбери время → поставь be в этом времени → добавь V3.
- Процесс? Используй being: is being done.
- Перфект? Используй been: has been done.
- Нужен агент? Добавь by + …, иначе опусти.
