Безличный пассив (reporting passive): It is said (that)… / He is said to…
1) Зачем он нужен
Это формальная конструкция для передачи «чужих слов/мнения» без указания источника. Часто в новостях/отчётах:
- It is said that… — «Говорят/сообщается, что…»
- He is said to… — «По словам/как сообщают, он…»
Акцент смещается с источника на сам факт.
2) Две основные модели
A) It + be + V3 + that-clause
It is/was + said/known/thought/reported/expected + that + S + V
- It is said that the singer is moving to London.
- It was reported that the road had been closed.
Частые глаголы (reporting verbs):
say, report, claim, allege, believe, think, consider, know, expect, suppose, understand, estimate.
B) Subject + be + V3 + to-infinitive
S + is/are/was/were + said/known/thought/... + to + V
- The singer is said to be moving to London.
- The road was reported to have been closed.
Эта версия короче и естественнее для заголовков/официального стиля.
3) Как передать время/вид через инфинитив
| Значение во «встроенной» части | Шаблон (после to) | Пример |
|---|---|---|
| Одновременность / общая истина | to + V1 | He is said to live in Paris. |
| Процесс «сейчас/в тот момент» | to be + V-ing | They are thought to be negotiating. |
| Событие раньше момента сообщения | to have + V3 | She is said to have left yesterday. |
| Пассивный факт | to be + V3 | The bridge is expected to be completed soon. |
| Пассив и «раньше» | to have been + V3 | He is believed to have been promoted last year. |
В прошедшем контексте: was/were said/thought…
Выбор инфинитива по-прежнему показывает относительное время: was said to have left (ушёл раньше того прошлого момента).
4) Согласование и формальные мелочи
- Подлежащее во второй модели согласуется с be: They are said to…, He is said to…
- Не говорим: ❌ He is said that… / ❌ He is said to that…
- В первом типе не ставим инфинитив: that-clause — полноценное предложение.
5) Когда какую модель выбирать
- It + that — когда важен весь пропозициональный факт, нейтральнее по стилю.
- S + be + to-inf — когда фокус на участнике (The minister is said to…), компактнее.
6) Частые пары-примеры
- It is believed that the policy will reduce costs.
→ The policy is believed to reduce costs.
- It was reported that several people were injured.
→ Several people were reported to have been injured.
- It is known that he speaks three languages.
→ He is known to speak three languages.
- It is thought that they are planning a merger.
→ They are thought to be planning a merger.
7) Родственные конструкции
- It is likely/unlikely that… / He is likely to…
It is likely that prices will rise. → Prices are likely to rise.
- It is said (that)… можно заменить на There are reports that… (менее грамматически, более журналистски).
8) Типичные ошибки
- Смешение моделей: ❌ He is said that he left. → ✔ It is said that he left. / ✔ He is said to have left.
- Неверное время: ❌ He is said to leave yesterday. → ✔ … to have left yesterday.
- Согласование числа: ❌ People is said… → ✔ People are said…
- Пассив без been/being: ❌ …to have promoted → ✔ …to have been promoted.
9) Мини-чек-лист
- Хочешь безлично «сообщается/считается»? → It + is/was + V3 + that…
- Хочешь компактно про субъект? → S + is/are/was/were + V3 + to…
- Событие раньше? → to have + V3 / to have been + V3
- Процесс? → to be + V-ing
- Пассив внутри пассива? → to be V3 / to have been V3
